Misconceptions:
M1: We can see most of the energy emitted from the sun.
M2: You never drank nor were heated by the former sweat of another person.
M3: The atmosphere is heated from above.
M4: Greenhouse warming will result in rapid melting of the polar ice caps.

O1: How radiation, conduction, convection, and latent energy heat and cool the earth's atmosphere.
M1: We can see most of the energy emitted from the sun 
M2: You never drank nor were heated by the former sweat of another person.

Temperature is a measure of __________________________________ while heat is energy in the process of                     being transferred between objects of different temperatures.

There are three different scales for measuring temperature _____________ __________________ _________________________

All objects with a temperature above absolute zero, -273°C (-459°F), emit radiation.  On a cold, sunny winter day, you feel warmth on your face, even though the temperature may be below zero.  What are you feeling?  Radiation.  

Radiation is differentiated on the basis of its wavelength.  Wavelengths of less than .4 u are called _________________.  Wavelengths between .4 and .7 u are ____________ to the naked eye. While wavelengths greater than .7 u are called _______________.  The earth emits most of its energy in the infrared while the sun peaks out in the ______________ portion of the spectrum.  (T-17)

The                an object’s temperature, the                the amount of radiation emitted per unit surface area and the           are the wavelengths of emitted radiation.

Let's use the rope example to illustrate the relationship between wavelength and temperature. 

Ultraviolet radiation can be hazardous.  UV-A radiation, between 0.32 and 0.40 u causes skin redness, ages the skin, and impacts the immune system.  The more energetic UV-B rays between 0.29 and ___________ are involved in producing _____________ cancer. 

Conduction: is ________________ to ________________ transport of heat.  Air is a VERY poor conductor of heat.  Trap it next to your body and you will stay warm.  Only a very tiny layer of air next to the ground is heated.  Something else is needed to heat the rest of the atmosphere. 

Convection: the transferal of heat by mass ____________ or _______________.  Conduction heats air molecules near the surface, giving these molecules extra energy like jumping popcorn kernels in a hot pan.  These air molecules expand, rise, and are less dense than the surrounding air.  These bubbles of rising air are called _________________.

How can you tell when thermals are present?  Look for:

Latent Heat is the heat associated with a change of state, for example liquid to gas (evaporation), gas to a liquid (condensation). 

Latent heat is an important source of atmospheric energy.

Evaporation is a                       and                       is a warming process. The fact that evaporation is a cooling process explains why you can shiver even when the temperature is 100 degrees F. (Fig. 8)

The absorption of radiation from the sun during daylight hours and the emission of_{______________________} energy during the night and  _________  from earth are _______________ so that the annual average temperature of the earth and the atmosphere remains fairly constant from one year to the next.  Without greenhouse gases the temperature of the earth, with this balance would produce a temperature of around ________.  Thanks to greenhouse gases, however, the average temperature of the earth is ___________.

These greenhouse gases, are selective absorbers of radiation, allowing the sun's visible energy through but absorbing and reradiating to earth, infrared radiation leaving the earth's surface.  (Acetate 6)

Another example of a selective absorber of energy is a window. Why is it difficult to get a sunburn while in the car? 

After averaging  location, season, and cloud cover only around        % of the sun's energy reaches the earth's surface

How incoming energy is lost: (Acetate 8)
 

     reflection (albedo).  Name two objects with high albedos.  

How does snow blindness occur? 

     absorbtion

     scattering: light is deflected in all directions.  

What happens to the sun's energy that reaches the earth?

Eventually, it becomes outgoing infrared energy (Fig. 4)

The atmosphere is a better absorber of outgoing longwave (                  ) energy, consequently, the atmosphere is mainly heated from below.  Greenhouse gases like water vapor, CO2, and methane allow most of the sun's visible radiation to reach the surface and then absorb much of the outgoing infrared energy.  

The three mechanisms that heat the earth from below: (Acetate 5)

 radiation

 latent heat (evaporation)

 convection

Water vapor and carbon dioxide are important atmospheric greenhouse gases that selectively absorb and emit infrared radiation, thereby keeping the earth’s average surface temperature warmer than it would be otherwise.  Water vapor accounts for about _____________ of the greenhouse effect. 

Without these two gases earth's average temperature would be     degrees F.

Enhancement of the atmospheric greenhouse effect may be taking place because of the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases.  These gases (4) and their origin are listed below: 

Gas  Gas Origin
1.carbon dioxide
2.                                 decay cows
3. CFC's.  One CFC molecule is equivalent to about 10,000 CO2 molecules. 
 

The effect of deforestation.

Trees______________  carbon dioxide. _________________________ releases carbon dioxide
Impacts of enhanced greenhouse warming (4)
1. Temperature and                         patterns will become more
As a result,
2.                            formerly thriving only in the Tropics will spread poleward.
3. Triggering of premature animal migration.  
4.  Coastal flooding due to 

Web Resources to Supplement this Lecture
1. PBS NOVA'S GREENHOUSE EFFECT EXPLANATION
2. USA TODAY LINKS AND EXPLANATION ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE: climate change science, water vapor and climate, solar effects, global records, and climate change research projects.